Examples/classes:
Types
Related concepts:
transfinite arithmetic, cardinal arithmetic, ordinal arithmetic
prime field, p-adic integer, p-adic rational number, p-adic complex number
arithmetic geometry, function field analogy
Arithmetic topology is a theory describing some surprising analogies between 3-dimensional topology and number theory (arithmetic), where knots embedded in a 3-manifold behave like prime ideals in a ring of algebraic integers. See also at Spec(Z) – As a 3d space containing knots. More broadly, the scope of arithmetic topology is now taken to include the intersection of arithmetic geometry, algebraic topology and low-dimensional topology (see GGW20).
Under the original analogy, the 3-sphere, corresponds to the ring of rational numbers , or rather (the closure of) (i.e., ), since the 3-sphere has no non-trivial (unbranched) covers while has no non-trivial unramified extensions. The linking number between two embedded knots in the 3-sphere then corresponds to the Legendre symbol between two primes in the ordinary integers.
The so-called M^2KR dictionary (Mazur-Morishita-Kapranov-Reznikov) relates terms from each side of the analogy (see sec 2.2 of Sikora).
Note: Regarding (4), some have argued that should correspond to the full first integral homology group, (see, e.g., Goundaroulis & Kontogeorgis).
The correspondence between and can be developed to relate the Legendre symbol for two primes to the linking number of two knots, and further to the Rédei symbol for three primes and Milner’s triple linking number. Thus we can find a ‘Borromean link’ of primes, such as , where each pair is unlinked.
Similar to M^2KR, but with the introduction of a 2-dimensional foliation on the 3-manifold and a flow such that finite primes correspond to periodic orbits of length and the infinite primes correspond to the fixed points of the flow (Deninger02). (See also the work of Baptiste Morin on the Weil-étale topos.)
Reznikov has modified the dictionary (Reznikov 00, section 12) so as to associate a number field with what he calls a -manifold, that is a closed three-manifold , bounding a four-manifold , such that the map of fundamental groups is surjective.
Barry Mazur observed that for an affine spectrum of the ring of integers in a number field, the groups vanish (up to 2-torsion) for , and is equal to for , where is the étale sheaf on defined by associating to a connected finite étale covering the multiplicative group .
Also, there is a non-degenerate pairing for any constructible abelian sheaf ,
where . This resembles Poincaré duality for 3-manifolds.
Minhyong Kim argues that the normal bundle of an embedding of a circle corresponding to a prime in is 2-dimensional (Kim).
Baptiste Morin claims to provide a unified treatment via equivariant etale cohomology (Morin06).
The virtually fibered conjecture says that every closed, irreducible, atoroidal 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group has a finite cover which is a surface fiber bundle over the circle.
Christopher Deninger, A note on arithmetic topology and dynamical systems, (arxiv:0204274)
Dimoklis Goundaroulis, Aristides Kontogeorgis, On the Principal Ideal Theorem in Arithmetic Topology, (talk, paper)
Minhyong Kim, note
Thomas Koberda, Class Field Theory and the MKR Dictionary for Knots, (pdf)
Baptiste Morin, Applications of an Equivariant Etale Cohomology to Arithmetic Topology, arxiv:0602064 and Utilisation d’une cohomologie étale équivariante en topologie arithmétique, Compositio Math. 144 (2008), no. 1, 32-60.
Masanori Morishita, Analogies between Knots and Primes, 3-Manifolds and Number Rings, (arxiv:0904.3399)
Alexander Reznikov, Embedded incompressible surfaces and homology of ramified coverings of three-manifolds, Selecta Math. 6(2000), 1–39
Adam Sikora, Analogies between group actions on 3-manifolds and number fields, (arxiv)
Toshitake Kohno, Masanori Morishita (eds.), Primes and Knots, Contemporary Mathematics, AMS 2006 (conm:416)
Masanori Morishita, Knots and Primes: An Introduction to Arithmetic Topology, 2012, Springer, (web)
Claudio Gómez-Gonzáles, Jesse Wolfson, Problems in Arithmetic Topology (arXiv:2012.15434)
Last revised on January 2, 2021 at 08:58:27. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.